Ep 818 - Google Drive
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You may have noticed construction going on at our Paseo location, 1216 Paseo de Oñate, in Española. We are excited to announce that we have added Interactive Teller Machines to increase speed and convenience in our drive-through! Learn more here.
This Week: Kevin kicks off the show with a John Wick drive-by on the box office, then he talks about the arrest of Jonathan Majors and what that means for his movies. Next, he looks at trailers for Asteroid City and Elemental. Later, he reviews Dungeons & Dragons: Honor Among Thieves, Tetris, The Big Door Prize and Buck Rogers in the 25th Century. Finally, he wraps things up with the Home-Cinema Round-Up with a spotlight on Dead Silence on 4K and Deemo: Memorial Keys.
So to continue evaluating this urban legend, we can skip on down a bit. The next thing it claims is that later European wagons used this same width because if they were going to drive in the Roman ruts with a non-conforming axle width, it would have "broken their wheels". It's true that if you needed a wagon to travel a particular route, and that route is on an old Roman road with artificial ruts, you'd do better to match that width to get a smoother, more efficient ride. But what we've already learned is that those ruts were not all the same size, and also that rutted sections of road were fragmented and inconsistent. Wagons built to any given specification would have found benefit only on a few scattered, noncontiguous sections of road.
Ammonia-oxidising archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are important organisms in the nitrogen cycle, but the mechanisms driving their radiation into diverse ecosystems remain underexplored. Here, existing thaumarchaeotal genomes are complemented with 12 genomes belonging to the previously under-sampled Nitrososphaerales to investigate the impact of lateral gene transfer (LGT), gene duplication and loss across thaumarchaeotal evolution. We reveal a major role for gene duplication in driving genome expansion subsequent to early LGT. In particular, two large LGT events are identified into Nitrososphaerales and the fate of these gene families is highly lineage-specific, being lost in some descendant lineages, but undergoing extensive duplication in others, suggesting niche-specific roles. Notably, some genes involved in carbohydrate transport or coenzyme metabolism were duplicated, likely facilitating niche specialisation in soils and sediments. Overall, our results suggest that LGT followed by gene duplication drives Nitrososphaerales evolution, highlighting a previously under-appreciated mechanism of genome expansion in archaea.
A large lateral gene transfer event in the last common ancestor (LCA) of AOA is proposed to have played a major role in their transition to a chemolithoautotrophic lifestyle12,15. However, there is currently little evidence for other cases of large lateral gene acquisition in Thaumarchaeota evolution16,17, and little is known of the relative contributions of gene duplications and genes losses. Large-scale events of lateral gene transfer (LGT) have been suggested as major drivers of proteome evolution in diverse archaeal lineages18, including Thaumarchaeota16. However, the long evolutionary history of Thaumarchaeota (>2.3 billion years of evolution) and their diversification in a range of ecosystems2,12,14 raises the possibility that distinct evolutionary mechanisms have shaped thaumarchaeotal genomes across their history. In particular, we hypothesise that an ongoing process of LGT spread across thaumarchaeotal evolution (in contrast, or addition to acquisitions at their origin) was the major source of molecular innovation. Phylogenomic methods based on reconstructed ancestral gene contents have been used previously throughout the archaeal radiation to explicitly model gene family acquisitions, duplications and losses using a recently-developed approach for probabilistic gene mapping19 by amalgamated likelihood estimation (ALE)20. However, the aforementioned